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This means of eliminating competition is also highly profitable for the investment banks, where we also find a similar kind of monopolistic competition (see chapter 7).
They provided the foundation for the investment banks that financed the formation of the upper levels of the US economy as a series of oligopolies and cartels.
For example, the Standard Oil Trust was an association of forty legally separ- ate companies tied to Rock-efeller's Standard Oil Company through cross-holdings of stock and credit-debt relations, coordinated and administered by an investment bank.
The capital market comprises the institutions and organizations - stock markets, investment banks and so on - for transforming this supply of money into money-capital to meet the demand from producers for the financing of the production of goods and services.
In 1995 the trader Nick Leeson famously brought down London's old elite investment bank Baring Brothers with the losses on his arbitrage trades between the Tokyo and Singapore foreign exchange markets.
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